Moderation effects of teacher support and disciplinary climate on SES and reading relation in high and low globally competitive economies

We examined how teacher support and disciplinary climate may have additional benefits for students from low (or high) socioeconomic status (SES) families in high and low globally competitive economies. Multilevel regression analyses on 184102 students from 6397 schools from diversified globally competitive economies in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) showed that: (a) students in high SES families benefited more in reading in higher than lower globally competitive economies; (b) greater teacher support improved reading in high than low globally competitive economies; (c) teacher support would alleviate the negative impact of low SES on reading; and (d) a positive disciplinary climate enhances reading performance in both high and low globally competitive economies, with SES effects being more pronounced in schools with a positive disciplinary climate, especially in low globally competitive economies. Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.