Influence of binders and matrices on zeolite-containing catalysts

Industrial solid catalysts are rarely pure materials consisting solely of catalytically active species; many are complex multiphase composites. This complexity is exemplified by zeolite catalysts, which are widely applied in industry. Given the proprietary nature of industrial catalysis, the fundamental chemistry and materials science of binder-catalyst combinations have been largely neglected. Although binders might be considered to be inert components, they often significantly influence catalyst behavior. Over the preceding decade, academic awareness has increased significantly, bridging the knowledge gap between fundamental zeolite research and the practical use of zeolite catalysts. Building on these advances, we aim to summarize the state of this field, focusing on understanding of the role of binders in zeolite catalysts, both with and without metals, and presenting insights into how binders affect acid density, porosity, and the control of the proximity between metal and acid sites within shaped zeolite catalysts. We anticipate that binders will continue to play crucial roles in zeolite catalysis and offer a perspective on emerging topics and recommendations for future work on the subject.