Diverse impacts of the Indian summer monsoon on ENSO among CMIP6 models and its possible causes

This study examines the performance of 52 models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in capturing the effects of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the evolution of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The ISM’s impacts on ENSO show a substantial diversity among the models. While some models simulate the strength of the impacts comparable to observations, others represent much weaker influences. Results indicate that the diversity is highly related to inter-model spread in interannual variability of ISM rainfall among the models. Models with a larger ISM rainfall variability simulate stronger ISM-induced anomalies in precipitation and atmospheric circulation over the western North Pacific during the monsoon season. As a result, these models exhibit larger wind anomalies induced by monsoon on the south flank of the anomalous circulation in the western Pacific, thereby influencing subsequent ENSO evolution more significantly by causing stronger air-sea coupling processes over the tropical Pacific.