From Pixels to Information: Artificial Intelligence in Fluorescence Microscopy

This review explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming fluorescence microscopy, providing an overview of its fundamental principles and recent advancements. The roles of AI in improving image quality and introducing new imaging modalities are discussed, offering a comprehensive perspective on these changes. Additionally, a unified framework is introduced for comprehending AI-driven microscopy methodologies and categorizing them into linear inverse problem-solving, denoising, and nonlinear prediction. Furthermore, the potential of self-supervised learning techniques that address the challenges associated with training the networks are explored, utilizing unlabeled microscopy data to enhance data quality and expand imaging capabilities. It is worth noting that while the specific examples and advancements discussed in this review focus on fluorescence microscopy, the general approaches and theories are directly applicable to other optical microscopy methods.