Giant milkweed: a comprehensive review of chemical constituents and their insecticidal properties

Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton, a common barren land weed, referred to as Giant Milkweed, has attracted considerable attention due to its rich abundance of phytochemicals possessing potent insecticidal properties. The review extensively explores the varied spectrum of chemical compounds present in C. gigantea, ranging from giganticine and ethion to stigmastan-6,22-dien,3,5-dedihydro-, β-amyrin, and others, offering detailed explanation about their structural diversity and potential applications. The primary focus is on a detailed evaluation of the insecticidal properties shown by these compounds against a wide range of insects, which collectively reinforce the natural insecticidal effectiveness of C. gigantea. This diligent study provides a thorough understanding on the individual effects of the compounds against insects, revealing their vital role in the development of innovative pest management strategies. This review aims to seek a comprehensive overview of the chemical constituents within this botanical resource that give a deep knowledge on their insecticidal characteristics. The ultimate aim is to pave the way for future research and practical applications in integrated pest management practices, contributing to the sustainable agriculture.