Political challenges and economic cooperation: The legacy of the 1930s USSR–Turkey economic relations and the contemporary economic context of Russia–Turkey

In the early 20th century, the emergence of the Soviet Union and Turkey in the political arena led to the end of Russo-Turkish conflicts and the formation of bilateral relations. In the 1920s, the political cooperation that commenced between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and Turkey transformed into economic solidarity. The 5-year plans of the USSR and the financial support and technical knowledge it provided to Turkey significantly contributed to Turkey's industrialisation process. After World War II, political and economic dynamics changed, leading to a decline in these relations. Following the dissolution of the USSR, relations between Turkey and the Russian Federation revived and economic cooperation increased. This collaboration, particularly evident in the tourism, energy, and trade sectors, has intensified. This article analyses the contributions of the 1930s USSR–Turkey cooperation to Turkey's industrialisation process and its contemporary effects. Additionally, it highlights a positive public and political approach in Turkey towards its economic relations with Russia.