Electrochemical study and simultaneous square-wave voltammetric determination of tyramine and spermidine in wines

The quantification of tyramine (Tyr) and spermidine (Spd) is essential to protect and ensure quality and safety for food and beverage consumers. In this work, an electrochemical study was carried out, and a new, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and selective square-wave voltammetric method for simultaneously determining Tyr and Spd in wines was developed. A Chemically Modified Carbon Paste electrode with Zinc PhthaloCyanine (CMCPE-ZnPC) was used as a sensor in the electrochemical study, and a standard addition procedure (SAP) was employed to solve the matrix effect in the quantification of Tyr and Spd in wines. These analytes were electroactive on the stable, sensitive, and selective CMCPE-ZnPC sensor under study using SWV technique, displaying peak anodic potentials at around 400 mV for Tyr and 860 mV for Spd. Wine samples were analyzed using the proposed and reference methods. No statistically significant differences were observed among the results obtained for Tyr and Spd determinations, applying the paired t-test at a confidence level of 95 %. The proposed method yielded low limits of detection (6.8 nmol L⁻¹ for Tyr and 10.8 nmol L⁻¹ for Spd), good recovery rates (from 86.1 to 107.5 %), and reproducibility (overall RSD of 2.6 %). The proposed method contributes to green analytical chemistry since it uses no chemical pretreatment of the wine samples.