Triboelectric nanogenerator for ocean energy harvesting: A review of technological advances and future perspectives

With the increasing dependence on traditional energy sources, the demand for renewable energy sources, and the concern for environmental sustainability, clean energy sources such as tidal and wave energy have attracted much attention as renewable and stable forms of energy, The review focuses on the advancements and prospects of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for harvesting ocean energy. TENGs, known for their flexibility and adaptability in harsh marine environments, show promising potential for converting low-frequency oceanic kinetic energy into electrical energy. The paper examines various TENG configurations, including solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces, and highlights innovations such as spherical, bionic, and hybrid structures that enhance energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, it discusses material modifications, including surface treatments and chemical doping, to improve TENG performance and durability. The review also addresses challenges such as corrosion resistance and low power output, emphasizing the need for ongoing research in material science and structural optimization. This comprehensive analysis provides a scientific foundation for the development of sustainable ocean energy technologies.