Levodopa infusion therapies for Parkinson disease.

Purpose of review: to review recent progress in the development and use of continuous levodopa therapies in Parkinson disease (PD).

Recent findings: Levodopa/Carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is a continuous levodopa therapy which is widely used in the United States, Europe and other countries and is effective at reducing 'off' time. Recent work has shown that LCIG can be useful in managing dyskinesias and can improve nonmotor symptoms and quality of life. Several studies have shown good long-term effectiveness of LCIG. Recent data support the cost-effectiveness of this treatment strategy. Subcutaneous (SC) delivery of levodopa is a newer strategy that avoids the need for a surgically placed gastric tube. Two different products enabling SC delivery of levodopa are in development: ND0612 and foslevodopa/foscarbidopa. Both have recently been shown to reduce 'off' time in randomized, double-blind trials. Adverse effects of SC levodopa are primarily related to skin reactions at the infusion site.

Summary: Continuous levodopa therapies can be used to treat Parkinson disease motor fluctuations that cannot be managed with standard oral therapies. They may also improve nonmotor symptoms, and improve overall quality of life in patients with advanced PD.