Deconstructing the Doughnut

This review paper contributes to understanding and interpreting the widely adopted Doughnut model by investigating the mathematical objects underpinning its creation. While the model has gained popularity as a geometrical representation of sustainability, little attention has been given to the nature and properties of its components. By analyzing the visuals of the model and using mathematical tools such as sets and hypergraphs, this work provides a new perspective on the pathways to sustainability. The deconstructive methodology reveals a paradox within the model that distinguishes weak sustainability from strong sustainability. This paper adds value by extending the range of ideas and implications associated with the Doughnut model and providing a more nuanced understanding of its implications for sustainability.