Effectiveness of wind-constrained sea-ice momentum on formation of sea-ice distribution and upper halocline of Arctic Ocean in climate model

Initialization of sea ice and the upper halocline in the Arctic Ocean is crucial for sea-ice prediction, but their representation in climate models still remains biased. Here, using historical and four different simulations by a single climate model, we find that constraining the sea-ice momentum by surface wind stress contributes to a better representation of the sea-ice velocity, area, and concentration. Moreover, the wind-constrained sea-ice drift modifies the underlying ocean structure via ice-ocean stress, leading to an improved climatological halocline’s vertical structure in the Canada Basin. This is because the excessively represented negative wind and ice-ocean stress curl in the climate model is weakened when constraining the sea-ice momentum and consequently the downward vertical speed, including the Ekman pumping, is also weakened at depths of 0–500 m, alleviating the deepening of isohalines. From these results, the improvement of sea-ice and ocean states by constraining sea-ice momentum is expected to make sea-ice prediction more accurate.