Phytochemistry and pharmacology of alkaloids from Papaver spp.: a structure–activity based study

The genus Papaver L. includes 159 annual, biennial, and perennial species divided into 11 sections. Several studies on a few species in this genus have revealed that they have beneficial anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-depressant properties. In addition, they have analgesic and sedative effects to alleviate signs of various disorders such as pain, cough, and neurological problems. These beneficial properties have been shown to be primarily related to their alkaloids content. The majority of the alkaloids in the Papaver genus are aporphines, morphinanes, protoberberines, protopines, and simple benzylisoquinolines. Interestingly, studies on the pharmacological effects of their alkaloids, with focus on the structure–activity relationship, have revealed a number of biological activities, including effects on metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. However, findings of literature on the toxic effects and low bioavailability of these bioactivitie alkaloids persuaded researchers to focus on the exact mechanisms of these alkaloids and improve their benefits by alleviating their side effects. In the current study, we aimed to review the chemistry and pharmacology of the Papaver alkaloids in order to assist researchers in their future studies on the genus Papaver to address research gaps. Additionally, we had a complete investigation on the taxonomy of Papaver spp. based on research references.

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