1945-1950 年捷克斯洛伐克的外籍工人

Tomáš Dvořák
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摘要

在二十世纪下半叶的不同时期,外籍劳工是战后捷克斯洛伐克经济的一个共同特征。本文主要介绍 1947 年至 1950 年第一个经济计划(即两年计划和第一个五年计划)期间的外籍劳工活动。当时的外籍劳工人数不超过两万人,他们在捷克的停留时间也很短,只有个别例外。这一时期在捷克斯洛伐克工农业领域就业的工人来自不同国家,包括邻国波兰、保加利亚和罗马尼亚,也有来自意大利的。文章还讨论了其他群体,如来自匈牙利、荷兰甚至中国的工人。这些外国劳工在捷克斯洛伐克的工作条件各不相同,取决于他们的招聘和签约方式、工作期限以及其他重要因素。本文旨在回答的基本问题是,Gastarbeit 在捷克斯洛伐克共产主义经济政策中的作用。文章还探讨了派遣工人的国家和工人本身的动机。最后,文章还试图分析这些工人的战略在捷克斯洛伐克劳动力市场中的机遇和局限。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Foreign Workers in Czechoslovakia in 1945–1950
Foreign workers were a common feature in the economy of postwar Czechoslovakia in various periods of the second half of the twentieth century. This article focuses on foreign labor practices during the first economic plans, namely the two-year plan and the first five-year plan between 1947 and 1950. The number of foreign workers at this time didn't exceed twenty thousand persons and their stays in the country were, with only individual exceptions, short. Workers, who found employment in Czechoslovak agriculture and industry in this period, came from different countries including neighboring Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania, but also from Italy. Recruitment of other groups such as workers from Hungary, the Netherlands, or even China is also considered by the article. These foreign laborers worked in Czechoslovakia under various conditions depending on their methods of recruitment and contracting, the duration of their employment, and other important factors. The basic question this article aims to answer is what the role of Gastarbeit was in Czechoslovakia's communist economic policy. It also examines the motivations of countries that sent workers as well as those of the workers themselves. Finally, the article also attempts to analyze the opportunities and limits of these workers’ strategies in the Czechoslovak labor market.
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