Radical flexibility of neural representation in frontoparietal cortex and the challenge of linking it to behaviour

While many brain networks are specialised for processing specific types of information, a network of frontoparietal regions is engaged by a wide range of cognitive demands. Here, we review recent work highlighting the flexibility of information coding in these regions, including their potential to differentiate a variety of different types of information and their dynamic selectivity for information that is currently relevant. But does all decodable activity constitute behaviourally meaningful information in the brain? Examining the emerging methods, we find that a direct link to behaviour can be made for some, but not all, decodable information. The data suggest a flexible frontoparietal resource suitable for creating temporary arbitrary associations between the aspects of information needed for each task. However, a tighter field-wide focus on decoding–behaviour relationships is needed to specify how this gives rise to the astounding human capacity for flexible thought and action.