NORTH SUMATRA IN THE CONTEXT OF TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: HISTORICAL TRACES OF TRADE

North Umatera, a province in the northern part of Sumatra Island, has a rich and varied trade history in the context of international relations. The historical traces of trade in this region cover important periods, starting from the Malay kingdom era to the colonial and modern periods. This article explores the role of North Sumatra as a vital trade node in the Indonesian and international trade networks. By considering geographic, cultural, and political factors, this research traces the evolution of trade routes and economic relations in the region. The main focus of this article is on the influence and contribution of trade to the social, economic and cultural development of North Sumatra, as well as its impact on the dynamics of international relations. Through a historical approach, this article provides a deeper understanding of the role of North Sumatra in building diverse trade relations with other nations, as well as the importance of trade in forming the identity and development of this region from time to time.