Potential Druggability of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell-derived Exosomes.

Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC-Exos) are advantageous candidate sources for novel acellular therapy. Despite the current standards of good manufacturing practice (GMP), the deficiency of suitable quality-control methods and the difficulties in large-scale preparation largely restrict the development of therapeutic products and their clinical applications worldwide. Herein, we mainly focus on three dominating issues commonly encountered in exosomal GMP, including issues upstream of the cell culture process, downstream of the purification process, exosomes quality control, and the drug properties of exosomes and their druggability from a corporate perspective. Collectively, in this review article, we put forward the issues of preparing clinical exosome drugs for the treatment of diverse diseases and provide new references for the clinical application of GMP-grade MSC-Exos.