Structured Ti3C2Tz MXene-polymer composites from non-aqueous emulsions

To date, major challenges in constructing MXene-polymer composites include incompatible processing conditions and poor control over the organization of MXenes within the polymer matrix. Here, we report a new approach to create MXene-polymer composites in a water-free system by alkylating the nanosheets via electrostatic adsorption of alkyl ammoniums and then using them as surfactants in oil-in-oil emulsions, followed by polymerization. Within these MXene-stabilized non-aqueous emulsions, polymerization of continuous phase, discontinuous phase, and interface result in composite foams, armored particles, and capsules, respectively. This non-aqueous system significantly expands MXene-polymer architecture compositions and highlights the ability to control both nanosheet distribution and composite morphology. We also showcase the rapid volumetric heating of the distinct MXene foam structure in response to low-power radiofrequency fields. This work highlights the importance and opportunities of disconnecting composition and structure to advance fundamental understandings and access new performance-related properties.