The effects of grazing on flowering and fruiting phenology in South Brazilian subtropical grasslands

In subtropical grasslands, characterized by the coexistence of species with different physiology, for example C3 and C4 grasses, studies on the reproductive patterns of plants at the community level are scarce. Most available studies are limited to plant-pollinator interactions, and do not include grasses, even though knowledge on phenology of this species group is highly relevant, e.g., for grazing management or ecological restoration. In this study, we monthly evaluated flowering and fruiting in Brazilian subtropical grasslands under different grazing intensities (high, moderate, low, very low, ungrazed) over one year. To estimate the effect of the seasonal variation on the phenology of functional groups (C3 grass, C4 grass, monocots, dicots, shrubs) we used circular statistics. The highest flowering activity occurred in October and November, while fruiting peaked in March and April. Shrubs had the highest number of flowers and fruits, and C4 grasses contributed the largest number of fruiting species. The flowering peak of most functional groups occurred in October, except for C4 grasses and shrubs that peaked in February and November, respectively. Fruiting of C3 grasses peaked in December, C4 grasses and shrubs were most abundant in April and dicots, and monocots peaked in October. Grazing treatments differed considerably in flowering and fruiting patterns for all species groups. Monocots and dicots herbs showed high flowering activity under intense grazing. C3 grasses presented highest peaks in moderate and low grazing intensities, while C4 grasses peaked in very low grazing, and shrubs showed the highest peaks in ungrazed plots. Flowering and fruiting occurred throughout the year in our study system, with clear variation among functional groups in response to climatic and management patterns. Our results can guide seed collection in the field or vegetation cutting for hay transfer, and thus should lead to improvements in the ecological restoration of subtropical grasslands.