Respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation : From rescue therapy to standard tool for treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Background: The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has increased substantially. With modern trials supporting its efficacy, ECMO has become an important tool in the management of severe ARDS.

Objectives: The objectives of this paper are to discuss ECMO physiology and configurations used for patients with ARDS, review evidence supporting the use of ECMO for ARDS, and discuss aspects of management during ECMO.

Conclusion: Current evidence supports the use of ECMO, combined with an ultra-lung-protective approach to mechanical ventilation, in patients with ARDS who have refractory hypoxemia or hypercapnia with severe respiratory acidosis. Furthermore, data suggest that center volume and experience are important factors in the care of patients receiving ECMO. The use of extracorporeal technologies in expanded patient populations and the optimal management of patients during ECMO remain areas of investigation. This article is freely available.