Depositional environments and plant communities in the exceptional context of the Kungurian megacaldera of the Athesian Volcanic Group (Southern Alps, N-Italy)

We used a combined approach (lithofacies and palynology) and multivariate analyses to reconstruct the different depositional environments and changes in the plant communities throughout the middle to late Kungurian in the tropical Pangea. The late Paleozoic terrestrial biotas underwent changes under the pressure of a general aridification trend and a warming event that changed biota composition favoring drought-tolerant taxa during the Artinskian. Few studies integrate the different terrestrial ecosystem components to reconstruct palaeoenvironments and climate changes throughout the Cisuralian (early Permian). We analyzed several sedimentary successions of different stratigraphic positions intercalated in well-dated volcanic units of the megacaldera of the Athesian Volcanic Group (Southern Alps, northern Italy). The obtained palynofacies and quantitative sporomorph records with an exceptional high resolution (∼ 10 Ma) evidence a palaeoenvironmental/climatic change in the plant communities from the middle to the late Kungurian. The late Kungurian shows a higher diversity in the plant communities with a dominance of seed ferns and a higher relative abundance of xeromorphic-hygromorphic sporomorph taxa. This suggests the presences of more stable and putatively more humid environmental conditions in respect to the middle Kungurian. Furthermore, a direct comparison between lithofacies and all primary components of the palynofacies assemblages permits to characterize lacustrine and alluvial depositional environments since these studies are underrepresented for terrestrial environments.