{"title":"豆蔻（Elettaria cardamomum Maton）的物候学生长阶段：使用扩展的 BBCH 标度进行详细鉴定和描述","authors":"Hosahalli Jagannathagowda Akshitha, Mundagodu Somashekar Shivakumar, Shettahallikoppalu Javaraiah Ankegowda","doi":"10.1111/aab.12895","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <p>Cardamom (<i>Elettaria cardamomum</i> Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three-digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export-oriented spice crop.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Highlights</h3>\n \n <div>\n <ul>\n \n <li>BBCH scale provides uniform coding for different growth stages of cardamom.</li>\n \n <li>Identified and described eight principal growth stages (PGS).</li>\n \n <li>PGS comprises of 4 vegetative, 2 reproductive and 2 capsule development stages.</li>\n \n <li>45 secondary stages were identified within 8 principal growth stages.</li>\n \n <li>Tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence occurs parallelly.</li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":7977,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Applied Biology","volume":"184 3","pages":"391-399"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Phenological growth stages of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton): Detailed identification and description using the extended BBCH scale\",\"authors\":\"Hosahalli Jagannathagowda Akshitha, Mundagodu Somashekar Shivakumar, Shettahallikoppalu Javaraiah Ankegowda\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/aab.12895\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <p>Cardamom (<i>Elettaria cardamomum</i> Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three-digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export-oriented spice crop.</p>\\n </section>\\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Highlights</h3>\\n \\n <div>\\n <ul>\\n \\n <li>BBCH scale provides uniform coding for different growth stages of cardamom.</li>\\n \\n <li>Identified and described eight principal growth stages (PGS).</li>\\n \\n <li>PGS comprises of 4 vegetative, 2 reproductive and 2 capsule development stages.</li>\\n \\n <li>45 secondary stages were identified within 8 principal growth stages.</li>\\n \\n <li>Tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence occurs parallelly.</li>\\n </ul>\\n </div>\\n </section>\\n </div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":7977,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Annals of Applied Biology\",\"volume\":\"184 3\",\"pages\":\"391-399\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-02-25\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Annals of Applied Biology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aab.12895\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Applied Biology","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aab.12895","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AGRICULTURE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Phenological growth stages of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton): Detailed identification and description using the extended BBCH scale
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is an important spice crop with high market value. In this study, we describe the phenological growth stages of cardamom using a three-digit extended Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie (BBCH) scale, which includes eight principal growth stages, comprising four vegetative, two reproductive and two capsule development stages. Additionally, we identified 45 secondary stages within these principal growth stages, providing a comprehensive characterisation of the crop's growth progression, including bud development, leaf emergence, tillering and shoot development, while the reproductive stages included inflorescence emergence and flowering. The capsule development stage details the maturation process of capsules. The study also highlights the parallel occurrence of tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence stages during specific growth phases. The knowledge of growth stages facilitates timely interventions, optimising crop management strategies and enhancing overall crop productivity. Additionally, these findings offer valuable insights for breeding programmes and the selection of superior genotypes, contributing to the sustainable cultivation and economic viability of cardamom as an important export-oriented spice crop.
Highlights
BBCH scale provides uniform coding for different growth stages of cardamom.
Identified and described eight principal growth stages (PGS).
PGS comprises of 4 vegetative, 2 reproductive and 2 capsule development stages.
45 secondary stages were identified within 8 principal growth stages.
Tillering, shoot development and inflorescence emergence occurs parallelly.
期刊介绍：
Annals of Applied Biology is an international journal sponsored by the Association of Applied Biologists. The journal publishes original research papers on all aspects of applied research on crop production, crop protection and the cropping ecosystem. The journal is published both online and in six printed issues per year.
Annals papers must contribute substantially to the advancement of knowledge and may, among others, encompass the scientific disciplines of:
Agronomy
Agrometeorology
Agrienvironmental sciences
Applied genomics
Applied metabolomics
Applied proteomics
Biodiversity
Biological control
Climate change
Crop ecology
Entomology
Genetic manipulation
Molecular biology
Mycology
Nematology
Pests
Plant pathology
Plant breeding & genetics
Plant physiology
Post harvest biology
Soil science
Statistics
Virology
Weed biology
Annals also welcomes reviews of interest in these subject areas. Reviews should be critical surveys of the field and offer new insights. All papers are subject to peer review. Papers must usually contribute substantially to the advancement of knowledge in applied biology but short papers discussing techniques or substantiated results, and reviews of current knowledge of interest to applied biologists will be considered for publication. Papers or reviews must not be offered to any other journal for prior or simultaneous publication and normally average seven printed pages.
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