加拿大东部空气污染的跨境传输

IF 3.5 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Robin Stevens, Charles Poterlot, Nicole Trieu, Henry Alejandro Rodriguez and Patrick L. Hayes
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我们根据魁北克空气质量监测网络(RSQAQ)的观测结果,对 GEOS-Chem 化学传输模型进行了评估,包括一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOX;氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2))、直径小于 2.5 μm 的细颗粒物(PM2.5)、臭氧(O3)、二氧化硫(SO2)和元素碳(EC),已知元素碳是 PM2.5 的组成部分,对人类健康和气候都有影响。这些污染物的寿命从数小时到数周不等,因此可以跨越国界,影响远离排放地的空气质量。随后,我们通过两种互补方法调查了魁北克的空气污染源:使用潜在污染源贡献函数(PSCF)的回溯轨迹分析和使用 GEOS-Chem 的化学传输模型。我们使用 GEOS-Chem 进行了三项敏感性研究,以确定三个污染源区域(魁北克、加拿大其他地区和美国)对魁北克每种调查污染物浓度的贡献。PSCF 计算显示,魁北克南部(本地来源)、美国东海岸和安大略东南部与几种污染物的高浓度日有关。根据季节的不同,魁北克南部与 NOX、SO2 和 CO 的高浓度有关;美国东海岸与 PM2.5、NOX、O3 和 CO 的高浓度有关;安大略东南部与 PM2.5 和 EC 的高浓度有关。GEOS-Chem 的结果显示,来自魁北克的人为排放物对魁北克的 NOX、SO2、PM2.5 和 EC 浓度的影响最大(分别为 53%、58%、30% 和 44%)。美国的人为排放对二氧化碳浓度(11%)和夏季臭氧浓度(17%)的贡献最大。我们发现,如果消除魁北克的所有人为排放,那么生活在超过世界卫生组织推荐的 PM2.5 年均浓度阈值 5.0 μg m-3 的地区的魁北克人口比例将从 87.7% 降至约 0.0%。虽然绝对停止人为排放既不可行也不可取,但我们的研究结果表明,尽管跨境运输的影响很大,但仅靠减少本地排放就可以大幅改善魁北克的空气质量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Transboundary transport of air pollution in eastern Canada†

Transboundary transport of air pollution in eastern Canada†

We assess the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model against observations from the Quebec Air Quality Monitoring Network (RSQAQ) for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX; nitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)), fine particles having a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and elemental carbon (EC), a component of PM2.5 known to have effects on both human health and climate. These pollutants have lifetimes that span from hours to weeks, allowing them to cross national borders and affect air quality far from their emission sites. We then investigate the sources of air pollution in Quebec through two complementary methods: back trajectory analysis using potential source contribution function (PSCF) and chemical transport modelling using GEOS-Chem. We perform three sensitivity studies with GEOS-Chem to determine the contributions from three source regions (Quebec, the rest of Canada, and the United States) to the concentrations of each of the investigated pollutants in Quebec. The PSCF calculations show that southern Quebec (local sources), the east coast of the United States, and southeastern Ontario are associated with days of high concentrations of several pollutants. Depending on the season, southern Quebec is associated with high concentrations of NOX, SO2, and CO; the east coast of the United States with high concentrations of PM2.5, NOX, O3, and CO; and southeastern Ontario with high concentrations of PM2.5 and EC. The GEOS-Chem results reveal that anthropogenic emissions from Quebec contribute the greatest amount (53%, 58%, 30%, and 44%) to concentrations of NOX, SO2, PM2.5, and EC in Quebec. Anthropogenic emissions from the US were the greatest contributor to CO concentrations (11%) and summertime O3 concentrations (17%). We find that removing all anthropogenic emissions from Quebec would reduce the fraction of the population of Quebec living in regions that exceed the recommended annual mean WHO PM2.5 concentration threshold of 5.0 μg m−3 from 87.7% to about 0.0%. While an absolute cessation of anthropogenic emissions is neither feasible nor desirable, our results suggest that substantial improvements in air quality in Quebec would be possible through reductions in local emissions alone despite the strong influence of transboundary transport.

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