表观遗传学与作物改良

Klaudia Bernacka, M. Achrem, A. Kalinka
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引用次数: 0

摘要

表观遗传学(Epigenetics)是一个术语,指基因表达的变化是可遗传的,是由 DNA 甲基化、组蛋白翻译后修饰或 sncRNA 诱导的,而不是由 DNA 序列重排引起的。表观遗传修饰影响基因表达,进而影响植物发育和表型对内外因素的可塑性。直到最近,真核生物中唯一已知的 DNA 表观遗传修饰是 5-甲基胞嘧啶。随着人们对表观遗传学的兴趣日益浓厚以及灵敏检测方法的发展,人们发现了 DNA 含氮碱基的其他修饰,即 4-甲基胞嘧啶和 6-甲基腺嘌呤。然而,尽管有关 5mC 在真核生物体内的分布和作用的研究非常广泛,但有关 6mA 的分析却很少。不过,有迹象表明 6-甲基腺嘌呤在真核生物基因组中具有潜在的表观遗传作用。了解随环境变化而触发的表观遗传机制对农业至关重要。本综述介绍了表观遗传机制,特别强调了植物中的腺嘌呤甲基化,以及表观遗传变异在表观育种中的作用,它影响着农艺性状的改良。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Epigenetics and the improvement of crop plants
Epigenetics is a term that refers to the changes in gene expression that are heritable and induced by DNA methylation, histones post-translational modifications, or sncRNA, not resulting from the DNA sequence rearrangements. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression, and thus, the plasticity of plants' development and phenotype in response to external and internal factors. Until recently, the only known epigenetic modification of the DNA in eukaryotic organisms was 5-methylcytosine. The growing interest in epigenetics and the development of sensitive detection methods enabled the discovery of other modifications of the DNA nitrogenous bases, i.e., 4-methylcytosine and 6-methyladenine. However, whilst research on the 5mC distribution and role in eukaryotic organisms is widespread, analyses regarding 6mA are scarced. Nevertheless, there are indications of a potential epigenetic role of 6-methyladenine in eukaryotic genomes. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms, which are triggered in response to environmental changes, is crucial for agriculture. This review shows epigenetic mechanisms, with particular emphasis on adenine methylation in plants, as well as the role of epigenetic variation in epibreeding, affecting the improvement of agronomic traits.
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