Risk factors for malignant oral mucosal lesion development (literature review). Part 2. Exogenous factors

Relevance. Cancer stands as a prominent cause of untimely mortality in young and middle-aged individuals (aged 20-64 years). The inquiry into the extent of influence exerted by external risk factors on the emergence of oral mucosal oncopathology remains pertinent. Equally crucial is understanding the intricate interplay among different groups of factors and their effects.Research objective. To determine the extent of influence exerted by various endogenous and exogenous risk factors on the development of malignant oral mucosal lesions, based on contemporary literature data, and to assess their interrelationships.Materials and methods. The research material was the analysis of literary data from bibliographic sources – Elsevier, PubMed, Elibrary, Google Academy, Medline, Cyberleninka. The study included literature sources in Russian and English. The second part of the review combines studies devoted to the study of the influence of exogenous controlled factors on the risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the oral mucosa.Results. Through contemporary literature analysis, the potential and scale of influence attributed to controllable exogenous risk factors in the development of malignant oral mucosal lesions have been established. Notably, significant impact has been associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Additionally, adverse socio-economic conditions, environmental factors, and dietary habits have been identified as contributors to an elevated cancer risk. Throughout this investigation, it became evident that literature sources frequently highlight the influence of individual factors without adequately considering potential synergies, antagonistic effects, or interactions with endogenous factors. Moreover, certain factors pivotal to the carcinogenesis of oral cavity tumors remain inadequately researched.Conclusion. To facilitate efficient primary and secondary prevention measures, it is imperative to advance and refine a multidisciplinary research methodology. This approach should aim to comprehensively identify the collective impact of diverse groups of risk factors on the progression of malignant oral mucosal lesions.