Effect of exercise on different factors affecting the immune system

Exercise has been shown to improve immune competence. The immune system functions to distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and is composed of innate and adaptive immune cells. Exercise, especially regular moderate-intensity exercise, has positive effects on the immune system, including enhanced vaccination responses, reduced inflammation, improved neutrophil activity, and longer leukocyte telomeres. Sedentary lifestyles contribute to an increased risk of diseases, while regular exercise is beneficial for immune function and overall health. The effects of exercise on the immune system depend on factors such as exercise intensity, duration, and type. Exercise-induced immune responses vary in different populations, including young and elderly individuals, with variations in the magnitude and extent of the effects. Exercise has been associated with reduced immunosenescence and improved vaccine-induced immunity. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, microbial diversity, and environmental influences also impact immune function. Understanding the complex relationship between exercise, external factors, and immune responses is important for developing tailored interventions and improving health outcomes. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and implications of exercise on the immune system. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of exercise on variations of the immune system caused by various factors, providing further insights into the complex relationship between exercise and immunity.