Phytoestrogens of Trifolium pratense L. as therapeutics: A review

Trifolium pratense L., commonly known as red clover, is a dicotyledonous allogamous diploid plant. It is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemo-preventive and anti-spasmodic capabilities among other medicinal properties. Studies have indicated that it is extremely beneficial in managing postmenopausal symptoms and has a positive role to play in moderating rheumatoid arthritis. Products obtained from the plant, specifically phytoestrogens, are being explored for their role in cognitive therapeutics. It is also being studied as a potential cure for cancers, such as breast cancer. In this paper, we have reviewed the genomic details of Trifolium and its possible applications in the field of medicine. Phytoestrogens, their mechanism of action, isoflavones and their biosynthetic pathway along with factors affecting isoflavone concentration are also reviewed. Thus, this review summarizes the existing literature about the phytoestrogens of T. pratense and their potential use for human health and the gaps in this information. Future prospects have been enumerated to guide further research on phytoestrogens of T. pratense.