{"title":"氨气吸入剂：使用、滥用及在运动表现中的作用。","authors":"Joshua M Bender, Charles A Popkin","doi":"10.1177/19417381231217341","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Ammonia inhalants, also known as smelling salts, are preparations of ammonia designed to treat fainting but more commonly used by athletes to boost awareness and arousal during competition. Despite their widespread use, the physiological and performance-enhancing effects of ammonia inhalants remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature surrounding the benefits, risks, and physiological effects of ammonia inhalants.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>An extensive literature review of articles pertaining to ammonia inhalants was performed through MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The search terms \"smelling salts,\" \"ammonia inhalants,\" \"strength,\" \"performance,\" \"head injury,\" and \"concussion\" were used.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The physiological response to acute ammonia inhalation includes cerebral vasodilation and heart rate elevation without change in blood pressure. The existing evidence demonstrates an ergogenic benefit to ammonia inhalant use only during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise; in these subjects, ammonia inhalation was associated with increased power as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. In contrast, there is no performance benefit to ammonia inhalants in a short burst of maximal effort despite elevated arousal and an associated perception of performance enhancement. Importantly, ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries, as they have the potential to exacerbate an underlying brain injury due to the involuntary withdrawal reflex associated with ammonia inhalation. Furthermore, the signs and symptoms of a concussion or more threatening head injury may be masked by ammonia inhalation and lead to continued participation in competition, causing additional harm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries and have limited benefit with regards to sports performance.</p><p><strong>Strength of recommendation: </strong>B.</p>","PeriodicalId":54276,"journal":{"name":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346226/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Ammonia Inhalants: Use, Misuse, and Role in Sports Performance.\",\"authors\":\"Joshua M Bender, Charles A Popkin\",\"doi\":\"10.1177/19417381231217341\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Ammonia inhalants, also known as smelling salts, are preparations of ammonia designed to treat fainting but more commonly used by athletes to boost awareness and arousal during competition. Despite their widespread use, the physiological and performance-enhancing effects of ammonia inhalants remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature surrounding the benefits, risks, and physiological effects of ammonia inhalants.</p><p><strong>Evidence acquisition: </strong>An extensive literature review of articles pertaining to ammonia inhalants was performed through MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The search terms \\\"smelling salts,\\\" \\\"ammonia inhalants,\\\" \\\"strength,\\\" \\\"performance,\\\" \\\"head injury,\\\" and \\\"concussion\\\" were used.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Clinical review.</p><p><strong>Level of evidence: </strong>Level 4.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The physiological response to acute ammonia inhalation includes cerebral vasodilation and heart rate elevation without change in blood pressure. The existing evidence demonstrates an ergogenic benefit to ammonia inhalant use only during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise; in these subjects, ammonia inhalation was associated with increased power as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. In contrast, there is no performance benefit to ammonia inhalants in a short burst of maximal effort despite elevated arousal and an associated perception of performance enhancement. Importantly, ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries, as they have the potential to exacerbate an underlying brain injury due to the involuntary withdrawal reflex associated with ammonia inhalation. Furthermore, the signs and symptoms of a concussion or more threatening head injury may be masked by ammonia inhalation and lead to continued participation in competition, causing additional harm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries and have limited benefit with regards to sports performance.</p><p><strong>Strength of recommendation: </strong>B.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":54276,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346226/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231217341\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2023/12/26 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"SPORT SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sports Health-A Multidisciplinary Approach","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231217341","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/12/26 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景：氨吸入剂又称嗅盐，是一种氨制剂，旨在治疗晕厥，但更常用于运动员在比赛中提高意识和兴奋度。尽管氨吸入剂被广泛使用，但人们对其生理作用和提高成绩的效果仍然知之甚少。本研究的目的是回顾目前有关氨气吸入剂的益处、风险和生理效应的文献：通过 MEDLINE 和 Google Scholar 对有关氨吸入剂的文章进行了广泛的文献综述。搜索关键词为 "嗅盐"、"氨吸入剂"、"强度"、"表现"、"头部损伤 "和 "脑震荡"：研究设计：临床回顾：研究结果急性吸入氨气的生理反应包括脑血管扩张和心率加快，但血压不变。现有证据表明，只有在反复进行高强度运动时，吸入氨气才会对运动能力产生益处；在这些受试者中，通过温盖特无氧测试测量，吸入氨气与力量增加有关。与此相反，在短时间的最大强度运动中使用氨气吸入剂并不会对运动表现产生任何益处，尽管唤醒度会升高，并且会产生运动表现增强的相关感觉。重要的是，氨气吸入剂不能用于头部损伤的医疗处理，因为氨气吸入会引起不自主的戒断反射，有可能加重潜在的脑损伤。此外，脑震荡或更具威胁性的头部损伤的症状和体征可能会被氨气吸入所掩盖，导致继续参加比赛，造成更多伤害：结论：氨气吸入剂在头部损伤的医疗管理中没有作用，对运动表现的益处有限：B.
Ammonia Inhalants: Use, Misuse, and Role in Sports Performance.
Context: Ammonia inhalants, also known as smelling salts, are preparations of ammonia designed to treat fainting but more commonly used by athletes to boost awareness and arousal during competition. Despite their widespread use, the physiological and performance-enhancing effects of ammonia inhalants remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature surrounding the benefits, risks, and physiological effects of ammonia inhalants.
Evidence acquisition: An extensive literature review of articles pertaining to ammonia inhalants was performed through MEDLINE and Google Scholar. The search terms "smelling salts," "ammonia inhalants," "strength," "performance," "head injury," and "concussion" were used.
Study design: Clinical review.
Level of evidence: Level 4.
Results: The physiological response to acute ammonia inhalation includes cerebral vasodilation and heart rate elevation without change in blood pressure. The existing evidence demonstrates an ergogenic benefit to ammonia inhalant use only during repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise; in these subjects, ammonia inhalation was associated with increased power as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. In contrast, there is no performance benefit to ammonia inhalants in a short burst of maximal effort despite elevated arousal and an associated perception of performance enhancement. Importantly, ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries, as they have the potential to exacerbate an underlying brain injury due to the involuntary withdrawal reflex associated with ammonia inhalation. Furthermore, the signs and symptoms of a concussion or more threatening head injury may be masked by ammonia inhalation and lead to continued participation in competition, causing additional harm.
Conclusion: Ammonia inhalants have no role in medical management of head injuries and have limited benefit with regards to sports performance.
期刊介绍：
Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach is an indispensable resource for all medical professionals involved in the training and care of the competitive or recreational athlete, including primary care physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, physical therapists, athletic trainers and other medical and health care professionals.
Published bimonthly, Sports Health is a collaborative publication from the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM), the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM), the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA), and the Sports Physical Therapy Section (SPTS).
The journal publishes review articles, original research articles, case studies, images, short updates, legal briefs, editorials, and letters to the editor.
Topics include:
-Sports Injury and Treatment
-Care of the Athlete
-Athlete Rehabilitation
-Medical Issues in the Athlete
-Surgical Techniques in Sports Medicine
-Case Studies in Sports Medicine
-Images in Sports Medicine
-Legal Issues
-Pediatric Athletes
-General Sports Trauma
-Sports Psychology
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