Hazard assessment and monitoring of Ecuadorian volcanoes: challenges and progresses during four decades since IG-EPN foundation

The Instituto Geofísico (IG-EPN) was created in 1983 by faculty of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, a public university in Quito, Ecuador, with the objective of assessing volcanic hazard in the country. Since then, the IG-EPN has established and developed an instrumental monitoring network and from 1999 has faced the eruption of five continental-arc volcanoes (Guagua Pichincha, Tungurahua, Reventador, Cotopaxi, and Sangay) which displayed varied hazards, eruptive dynamics, eruption durations, and socio-economic contexts. At the same time, mainly effusive eruptions took place in Galápagos archipelago, which has undergone an increase in local population over the last two decades and hence in the risk posed by volcanic eruptions. The outstanding handling of these volcanic crises was the reason why IG-EPN was granted with the 2020 Volcanic Surveillance and Crisis Management IAVCEI Award. Now, the IG-EPN manages a country-wide network of about 500 instruments to monitor both volcanic and tectonic activity with a highly qualified staff of 80 people. This manuscript describes the history of IG-EPN, the main volcanic hazard studies and resulting hazard maps; the instrumental networks; and the volcanic crises that the IG-EPN faced during the last forty years.