Developing the Conceptual Framework for Islamophobia: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Islamophobia is a form of bias, discrimination, and hatred towards Islam and its adherents that is frequently based on stereotypes and misunderstandings. Studies of Islamophobia is an interdisciplinary subject of academic research and analysis that focuses on the examination and understanding of this phenomenon. This area of research aims to investigate the numerous facets of Islamophobia, such as its historical causes, cultural effects, sociopolitical settings, and psychological underpinnings. In addition to giving techniques and answers for addressing and combating this form of discrimination, it seeks to shed light on the origins, effects, and implications of Islamophobia in many societies and circumstances. This paper aims to delve into the historical roots of islamophobia, and different perspectives on Islamophobia and reviews the major working frameworks of islamophobia studies with a special focus on Salman Sayyid’s model. This paper provides a historical background to the problem and islamophobia and examines the related concepts and themes analytically. It also engages with the analysis of the attempts to explain the phenomenon of islamophobia thematically and investigates its social expressions in their definitive perspectives.