俄罗斯关于大学科学发展的国家政策:90年代的教训

Q1 Arts and Humanities
I. G. Dezhina
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文讨论了国家项目对苏联解体后第一个十年俄罗斯大学科研发展的影响。苏联解体后,由于预算资金的急剧减少以及其他不必要的支持来源,在俄罗斯进行研究的条件大大恶化。在高等教育机构中进行的研究只占整个系统的一小部分,除了少数顶尖大学外,参与科学并不是大学的主要活动之一。与此同时,大多数高等教育机构负责培养高素质人才。这种差异对科学体系构成了威胁。在州一级,启动了一些单独的有针对性的项目,重点是大学的基础研究。本文的目的是在这些国家规划的框架下,识别和系统化影响高校科学发展的主要因素。研究方法包括文献综述、统计数据分析和对90年代调查的解释。结果表明,这些项目的效果是适度的,并没有改变我国大学科学的规模。制约因素主要有:法律法规限制、资助领域选择不优、资助资金不足和资金分散、对高校原有研究专业化考虑不足等。与此同时,这些计划推动了对研究型大学概念的讨论,这些概念后来得到了实施。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Russia’s State Policy on the Development of Science at Universities: Lessons from the 90s
The article discusses the influence of state programs on research development in Russian universities in the first post-Soviet decade. After the USSR collapse the conditions for doing research in Russia worsened significantly due to a sharp reduction in budget funding with unessential other sources of support. Research conducted in higher education institutions was a small fraction of the entire system, and involvement in science was not among the primary activities of universities, except for a small number of leading universities. At the same time, mostly higher education institutions were responsible for training of highly qualified personnel. This discrepancy posed a threat for the science system. At the state level, a number of separate targeted programs was initiated, with an emphasis on fundamental research in universities. The aim of the article is to identify and systematize, in the framework of these state programs, the main factors affected the development of science in higher education institutions. The research methods include literature review, analysis of statistical data, and interpretations of surveys conducted in the 90s. It is shown that the programs’ results were modest and did not change the scale of university science in the country. The hampering factors were associated with regulatory and legal restrictions, sub-optimal choice of areas for support, underfunding and dispersion of financial support, and insufficient consideration of the former research specialization of universities. At the same time, these programs gave impetus to the discussion of the concepts of research universities, which later were implemented.
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来源期刊
Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii
Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii Social Sciences-Sociology and Political Science
CiteScore
2.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
101
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