The science of dishwashing. Changing habits for a greener world

Dr Lotta Schencking and Professor Rainer Stamminger from the Institute of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Bonn, Germany, reviewed studies of consumer dishwashing behaviour around the world. Most would agree that using an electric dishwasher is less time-consuming and more convenient than manual washing. But which method results in better and more hygienic cleaning, and which method is more efficient in terms of energy use and the consumption of water and cleaning materials? In short, what can science tell us about best dishwashing practice?