乌尔米湖流域水政策评价:政府是否准确地发现了问题?

IF 5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Saeed Esmailzadeh, Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi, Hojjat Mianabadi
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Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. Susskind, Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks (New York: Routledge, 2012).6 P. M. Reed and J. Kasprzyk, “Water Resources Management: The Myth, the Wicked, and the Future,” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 135, no. 6 (2009): 411–13, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000047.7 S. Kirschke, C. Franke, J. Newig, and D. Borchardt, “Clusters of Water Governance Problems and Their Effects on Policy Delivery,” Policy and Society 38, no. 2 (2019): 255–77, doi:10.1080/14494035.2019.1586081.8 H. Mianabadi, “Hydropolitics and Conflict Management in Transboundary River Basins,” PhD thesis, TU Delft, 2016.9 S. Chen, “Sport Policy Evaluation: What Do We Know and How Might We Move Forward,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 10, no. 4 (2018): 741–59, doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1488759.10 D. Mosse, “Is Good Policy Unimplementable? Reflections on the Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice,” in The Anthropology of Organisations (Burlington: Routledge, 2017), 451–83.11 A. Crabb and P. Leroy, The Handbook of Environmental Policy Evaluation (London: Routledge, 2012).12 Anchita, A. Zhupankhan, Z. Khaibullina, Y. Kabiyev, K. M. Persson, and K. Tussupova, “Health Impact of Drying Aral Sea: One Health and Socio-Economical Approach,” Water 13, no. 22 (2021): 3196, doi:10.3390/w13223196.13 K. Hooper et al., “Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakstan: High Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) in Agricultural Villages of Southern Kazakstan,” Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 12 (1998): 797–806, doi:10.1289/ehp.98106797.14 A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, “Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): A Brief Review,” Saline Systems 3, no. 1 (2007): 1–8, doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-5.15 S. Shadkam, “Preserving Urmia Lake in a Changing World: Reconciling Anthropogenic and Climate Drivers by Hydrological Modelling and Policy Assessment,” PhD thesis, Wageningen, 2017.16 V. Garousi, A. Najafi, A. Samadi, K. Rasouli, and B. Khanaliloo, “Environmental Crisis in Lake Urmia, Iran: A Systematic Review of Causes, Negative Consequences and Possible Solutions,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE) (2013): 1–10, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4737.0088.17 E. Torabian, “Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights From the Aral Sea,” in The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013, no. 4 (2014): 65–87.18 A. AghaKouchak et al., “Aral Sea Syndrome Desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for Action,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): 307–11, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.007.19 B. Shirmohammadi et al., “Scenario Analysis for Integrated Water Resources Management Under Future Land Use Change in the Urmia Lake Region, Iran,” Land Use Policy 90 (2020), doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104299.20 Urmia Lake Restoration Program, “Urmia Lake Level Archive,” 2022, http://www.ulrp.ir (accessed Aug. 02, 2021).21 M. Hashemi, “A Socio-Technical Assessment Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” PhD thesis, Newcastle University, 2012.22 B. Khazaei et al., “Climatic or Regionally Induced by Humans? Tracing Hydro-Climatic and Land-Use Changes to Better Understand the Lake Urmia Tragedy,” Journal of Hydrology 569, November (2019): 203–17, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.004.23 M. Schmidt, R. Gonda, and S. Transiskus, “Environmental Degradation at Lake Urmia (Iran): Exploring the Causes and Their Impacts on Rural Livelihoods,” GeoJournal 86, no. 5 (2021): 2149–63, doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10180-w.24 E. Hassanzadeh, M. Zarghami, and Y. Hassanzadeh, “Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling,” Water Resource Management 26, no. 1 (2012): 129–45, doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8.25 M. J. Tourian, O. Elmi, Q. Chen, B. Devaraju, S. Roohi, and N. Sneeuw, “A Spaceborne Multisensor Approach to Monitor the Desiccation of Lake Urmia in Iran,” Remote Sensing of Environment 156 (2015): 349–60, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.006.26 M. Rajabi Hashjin, “The Need to Restorate Lake Urmia, the Causes of Drought and Threats” (in Persian), Tehran, 2015.27 Iran Water Resources Management Company, “List of Dams in Iran,” 2020, http://daminfo.wrm.ir/fa/dam/tabularview (accessed November 3, 2020).28 M. Fasihi Harandi, S. Talebi, and A. Farrokhniya, “Assessment of Urmia Lake Resuscitation Program” (in Persian), Tehran, 2019.29 P. Pouladi et al., “Interconnected Governance and Social Barriers Impeding the Restoration Process of Lake Urmia,” Journal of Hydrology 598 (2021), doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126489.30 H. Nasrollahi, R. Shirazizadeh, R. Shirmohammadi, O. Pourali, and M. Amidpour, “Unraveling the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus for Climate Change Adaptation in Iran: Urmia Lake Basin Case-Study,” Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1–25, doi:10.3390/w13091282.31 D. Cavallucci, F. Rousselot, and C. Zanni, “Assisting R&D Activities Definition Through Problem Mapping,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (2009): 131–36, doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.014.32 B. Feizizadeh, T. Lakes, D. Omarzadeh, A. Sharifi, T. Blaschke, and S. Karimzadeh, “Scenario-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Lake Drying on Food Production in the Lake Urmia Basin of Northern Iran,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022), doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10159-2.33 M. Ženko and F. Menga, “Linking Water Scarcity to Mental Health: Hydro–Social Interruptions in the Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1–20, doi:10.3390/w11051092.34 J. Yaghoubi and L. Molan-Nejad, “Assessing Attitudes of Farmers to Participate in the Process of Preserving and Restoring Urmia Lake and Its Related Factors in Miandoab Township” (in Persian), Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–58.35 M. Farajzadeh, “Analytical Conflict Mapping in the Complex Water System of Urmia Lake Basin,” MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, 2019.36 R. K. Rai, V. P. Singh, and A. Upadhyay, “Scheme Irrigation Efficiency,” in Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects (Elsevier, 2017), 525–38.37 M. Kuburić, M. Trifković, and Ž. Nestorović, “Efficient Water Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Agricultural Land Use—The Aspect of Land Consolidation,” Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022), doi:10.3390/su142215453.38 O. Bozorg-Haddad, M. Abutalebi, X. Chu, and H. A. Loáiciga, “Assessment of Potential of Intraregional Conflicts by Developing a Transferability Index for Inter-Basin Water Transfers, and Their Impacts on the Water Resources,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 1 (2020): 40, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-8011-1.39 S. Mirnezami and A. Bagheri, “Assessing the Water Governance System for Groundwater Conservation in Iran (in Persian),” Iran-Water Resources Research 13, no. 2 (2017): 32–55.40 M. Parsinejad et al., “40 Years of Lake Urmia Restoration Research: Review, Synthesis and Next Steps,” Science of The Total Environment 832, (2022): 155055, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155055.41 S. E. Barhagh, M. Zarghami, Y. Alizade Govarchin Ghale, and M. R. Shahbazbegian, “System Dynamics to Assess the Effectiveness of Restoration Scenarios for the Urmia Lake: A Prey-Predator Approach for the Human-Environment Uncertain Interactions,” Journal of Hydrology 593 (2021): 125891, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125891.42 J. Novak, Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge, Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations (Routledge, 1998).43 D. H. Jonassen, “Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide,” Gifted and Talented International 24, no. 2 (2009): 153–54, doi:10.1080/15332276.2009.11673538.44 S. K. Kamble and B. L. Tembe, “The Effect of Use of Concept Maps on Problem Solving Performance and Attitude in Mechanical Engineering Course,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013): 748–54, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.141.45 B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, and A. Canas, Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge (London: CRC Press, 2011).46 J. D. Novak and A. J. Cañas, “The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them,” Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition 1, no. 1 (2006): 1–31.47 J. Kolko, Wicked Problems: Problems Worth Solving (Austin, TX: Austin Center for Design (Ac4d), 2012).48 M. Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. His research interests revolve around hydropolitics, water diplomacy, and water governance.","PeriodicalId":11695,"journal":{"name":"Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Evaluation of the Water Policies of the Urmia Lake Basin: Has the Government Accurately Identified the Problem?\",\"authors\":\"Saeed Esmailzadeh, Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi, Hojjat Mianabadi\",\"doi\":\"10.1080/00139157.2023.2245741\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the respected Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions.The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Editing assistance was provided by a past editorial team member.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. R. Alexander and A. Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16, no. 2 (1989): 127–40, doi:10.1068/b160127.2 L. N. Gerston, Public Policy Making Process and Principles (New York: Armonk, 1997).3 D. Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. Susskind, Water Diplomacy: A Negotiated Approach to Managing Complex Water Networks (New York: Routledge, 2012).6 P. M. Reed and J. Kasprzyk, “Water Resources Management: The Myth, the Wicked, and the Future,” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 135, no. 6 (2009): 411–13, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000047.7 S. Kirschke, C. Franke, J. Newig, and D. Borchardt, “Clusters of Water Governance Problems and Their Effects on Policy Delivery,” Policy and Society 38, no. 2 (2019): 255–77, doi:10.1080/14494035.2019.1586081.8 H. Mianabadi, “Hydropolitics and Conflict Management in Transboundary River Basins,” PhD thesis, TU Delft, 2016.9 S. Chen, “Sport Policy Evaluation: What Do We Know and How Might We Move Forward,” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 10, no. 4 (2018): 741–59, doi:10.1080/19406940.2018.1488759.10 D. Mosse, “Is Good Policy Unimplementable? Reflections on the Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice,” in The Anthropology of Organisations (Burlington: Routledge, 2017), 451–83.11 A. Crabb and P. Leroy, The Handbook of Environmental Policy Evaluation (London: Routledge, 2012).12 Anchita, A. Zhupankhan, Z. Khaibullina, Y. Kabiyev, K. M. Persson, and K. Tussupova, “Health Impact of Drying Aral Sea: One Health and Socio-Economical Approach,” Water 13, no. 22 (2021): 3196, doi:10.3390/w13223196.13 K. Hooper et al., “Analysis of Breast Milk to Assess Exposure to Chlorinated Contaminants in Kazakstan: High Levels of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) in Agricultural Villages of Southern Kazakstan,” Environmental Health Perspectives 106, no. 12 (1998): 797–806, doi:10.1289/ehp.98106797.14 A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, “Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): A Brief Review,” Saline Systems 3, no. 1 (2007): 1–8, doi:10.1186/1746-1448-3-5.15 S. Shadkam, “Preserving Urmia Lake in a Changing World: Reconciling Anthropogenic and Climate Drivers by Hydrological Modelling and Policy Assessment,” PhD thesis, Wageningen, 2017.16 V. Garousi, A. Najafi, A. Samadi, K. Rasouli, and B. Khanaliloo, “Environmental Crisis in Lake Urmia, Iran: A Systematic Review of Causes, Negative Consequences and Possible Solutions,” in Proceedings of the 6th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment (IPWE) (2013): 1–10, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4737.0088.17 E. Torabian, “Exploring Social Vulnerability and Environmental Migration in Urmia Lake of Iran: Comparative Insights From the Aral Sea,” in The State of Environmental Migration 2014: Review of the Year 2013, no. 4 (2014): 65–87.18 A. AghaKouchak et al., “Aral Sea Syndrome Desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for Action,” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, no. 1 (2015): 307–11, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.007.19 B. Shirmohammadi et al., “Scenario Analysis for Integrated Water Resources Management Under Future Land Use Change in the Urmia Lake Region, Iran,” Land Use Policy 90 (2020), doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104299.20 Urmia Lake Restoration Program, “Urmia Lake Level Archive,” 2022, http://www.ulrp.ir (accessed Aug. 02, 2021).21 M. Hashemi, “A Socio-Technical Assessment Framework for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” PhD thesis, Newcastle University, 2012.22 B. Khazaei et al., “Climatic or Regionally Induced by Humans? Tracing Hydro-Climatic and Land-Use Changes to Better Understand the Lake Urmia Tragedy,” Journal of Hydrology 569, November (2019): 203–17, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.004.23 M. Schmidt, R. Gonda, and S. Transiskus, “Environmental Degradation at Lake Urmia (Iran): Exploring the Causes and Their Impacts on Rural Livelihoods,” GeoJournal 86, no. 5 (2021): 2149–63, doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10180-w.24 E. Hassanzadeh, M. Zarghami, and Y. Hassanzadeh, “Determining the Main Factors in Declining the Urmia Lake Level by Using System Dynamics Modeling,” Water Resource Management 26, no. 1 (2012): 129–45, doi:10.1007/s11269-011-9909-8.25 M. J. Tourian, O. Elmi, Q. Chen, B. Devaraju, S. Roohi, and N. Sneeuw, “A Spaceborne Multisensor Approach to Monitor the Desiccation of Lake Urmia in Iran,” Remote Sensing of Environment 156 (2015): 349–60, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2014.10.006.26 M. Rajabi Hashjin, “The Need to Restorate Lake Urmia, the Causes of Drought and Threats” (in Persian), Tehran, 2015.27 Iran Water Resources Management Company, “List of Dams in Iran,” 2020, http://daminfo.wrm.ir/fa/dam/tabularview (accessed November 3, 2020).28 M. Fasihi Harandi, S. Talebi, and A. Farrokhniya, “Assessment of Urmia Lake Resuscitation Program” (in Persian), Tehran, 2019.29 P. Pouladi et al., “Interconnected Governance and Social Barriers Impeding the Restoration Process of Lake Urmia,” Journal of Hydrology 598 (2021), doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126489.30 H. Nasrollahi, R. Shirazizadeh, R. Shirmohammadi, O. Pourali, and M. Amidpour, “Unraveling the Water-Energy-Food-Environment Nexus for Climate Change Adaptation in Iran: Urmia Lake Basin Case-Study,” Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1–25, doi:10.3390/w13091282.31 D. Cavallucci, F. Rousselot, and C. Zanni, “Assisting R&D Activities Definition Through Problem Mapping,” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 1, no. 3 (2009): 131–36, doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.014.32 B. Feizizadeh, T. Lakes, D. Omarzadeh, A. Sharifi, T. Blaschke, and S. Karimzadeh, “Scenario-Based Analysis of the Impacts of Lake Drying on Food Production in the Lake Urmia Basin of Northern Iran,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022), doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10159-2.33 M. Ženko and F. Menga, “Linking Water Scarcity to Mental Health: Hydro–Social Interruptions in the Lake Urmia Basin, Iran,” Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1–20, doi:10.3390/w11051092.34 J. Yaghoubi and L. Molan-Nejad, “Assessing Attitudes of Farmers to Participate in the Process of Preserving and Restoring Urmia Lake and Its Related Factors in Miandoab Township” (in Persian), Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal 13, no. 1 (2017): 47–58.35 M. Farajzadeh, “Analytical Conflict Mapping in the Complex Water System of Urmia Lake Basin,” MSc thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, 2019.36 R. K. Rai, V. P. Singh, and A. Upadhyay, “Scheme Irrigation Efficiency,” in Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects (Elsevier, 2017), 525–38.37 M. Kuburić, M. Trifković, and Ž. Nestorović, “Efficient Water Use and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction in Agricultural Land Use—The Aspect of Land Consolidation,” Sustainability 14, no. 22 (2022), doi:10.3390/su142215453.38 O. Bozorg-Haddad, M. Abutalebi, X. Chu, and H. A. Loáiciga, “Assessment of Potential of Intraregional Conflicts by Developing a Transferability Index for Inter-Basin Water Transfers, and Their Impacts on the Water Resources,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192, no. 1 (2020): 40, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-8011-1.39 S. Mirnezami and A. Bagheri, “Assessing the Water Governance System for Groundwater Conservation in Iran (in Persian),” Iran-Water Resources Research 13, no. 2 (2017): 32–55.40 M. Parsinejad et al., “40 Years of Lake Urmia Restoration Research: Review, Synthesis and Next Steps,” Science of The Total Environment 832, (2022): 155055, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155055.41 S. E. Barhagh, M. Zarghami, Y. Alizade Govarchin Ghale, and M. R. Shahbazbegian, “System Dynamics to Assess the Effectiveness of Restoration Scenarios for the Urmia Lake: A Prey-Predator Approach for the Human-Environment Uncertain Interactions,” Journal of Hydrology 593 (2021): 125891, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125891.42 J. Novak, Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge, Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations (Routledge, 1998).43 D. H. Jonassen, “Learning to Solve Problems: An Instructional Design Guide,” Gifted and Talented International 24, no. 2 (2009): 153–54, doi:10.1080/15332276.2009.11673538.44 S. K. Kamble and B. L. Tembe, “The Effect of Use of Concept Maps on Problem Solving Performance and Attitude in Mechanical Engineering Course,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013): 748–54, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.141.45 B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, and A. Canas, Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge (London: CRC Press, 2011).46 J. D. Novak and A. J. Cañas, “The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them,” Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition 1, no. 1 (2006): 1–31.47 J. Kolko, Wicked Problems: Problems Worth Solving (Austin, TX: Austin Center for Design (Ac4d), 2012).48 M. Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. 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M. Rajabi Hashjin,“修复乌尔米亚湖的必要性,干旱的原因和威胁”(波斯文),德黑兰,2015。28 .伊朗水资源管理公司,“伊朗水坝清单”,2020,http://daminfo.wrm.ir/fa/dam/tabularview(访问日期:2020年11月3日)P. Pouladi等,“乌尔米亚湖恢复过程中相互关联的治理和社会障碍”,水文学杂志598 (2021),doi:10.1016/j.j jhydrod.2021.126489.30 H. Nasrollahi, R. Shirmohammadi, O. Pourali, M. Amidpour,“伊朗气候变化适应的水-能量-食物-环境关系”;乌尔米亚湖盆地案例研究,《水13》,no。张建军,张建军,张建军,“基于问题映射的R&D活动定义方法研究”,中国机械工程学报,第1期,第1 - 2,doi:10.3390/w13091282.31张晓明,张晓明,张晓明,“湖泊干旱对粮食生产影响的情景分析”,《科学通报》,2009,第12期,第1 - 3,doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.014.32M. Ženko和F. Menga,“将水资源短缺与心理健康联系起来:乌尔米亚湖流域的水文社会中断,伊朗,”水11,第11期,doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10159-2.33。J. Yaghoubi, L. Molan-Nejad,“Miandoab镇农民参与Urmia湖保护与恢复过程的态度及其相关因素评估”,《伊朗农业推广与教育杂志》,2019年第13期。M. Farajzadeh,“乌尔米湖流域复杂水系统的冲突映射分析”,Tarbiat Modares大学硕士论文,2019.36 R. K. Rai, V. P. Singh, A. Upadhyay,“方案灌溉效率”,灌溉项目规划与评价(Elsevier, 2017), 525-38.37 M. kuburiki, M. trifkoviki, Ž。“农业土地利用效率与温室气体减排——基于土地整理的视角”,《生态学报》,第4期。王晓明,王晓明,王晓明,Loáiciga,“基于流域间调水可转移性指数的区域冲突潜力评价及其对水资源的影响”,《环境监测与评价》,第22期,no. 22, doi:10.3390/su142215453.38张晓明,张晓明,张晓明,“基于gis的地下水资源管理模式研究”,《中国水资源研究》第13期,第2期。M. parsininejad等,“乌尔米亚湖恢复40年研究综述、综合与下一步”,环境科学832,(2022):155055,doi:10.1016/j.s itotenv.2022.155055.41 M. E. Barhagh, M. Alizade Govarchin Ghale, M. R. Shahbazbegian,“基于系统动力学的乌尔米亚湖恢复效果评估:人-环境不确定相互作用的研究方法”,水文学报593 (2021):J.诺瓦克。知识的学习、创造和使用:概念地图在学校和企业中的促进工具(Routledge, 1998).43D. H. Jonassen,“学习解决问题:教学设计指南”,《资优国际》,第24期。S. K. Kamble, B. L. Tembe,“概念图对机械工程课程中问题解决绩效和态度的影响”,社会行为科学83 (2013):748-54,doi:10.1016/j.s bspror .2013.06.141.45 B. Moon, R. R. Hoffman, J. Novak, A. CanasJ. D. Novak和A. J. Cañas,“概念图背后的理论以及如何构建它们”,佛罗里达人类和机器认知研究所1,第1期。J. Kolko,“邪恶问题:值得解决的问题”(Austin: Austin Center for Design (Ac4d), 2012).48M. Davies,《概念导图、思维导图和论证导图:它们有什么区别?它们重要吗?》《高等教育》第62期,第2期。M. Zarghami和S. Akbariyeh,“复杂城市水系统的系统动力学建模:在大不里斯市的应用”,资源保护与循环60 (2012):99-106,doi:10.1016/ j.s reconrecs .2011.11.008.50。6404 (2018): 748-50, doi:10.1126/science。 J. C. Camillus,“战略作为一个邪恶的问题”,《哈佛商业评论》第86期,第93.14.51。范德梅尔,李建军,“环境健康灾难的行动:咸海案例”,第5期(2008):1-10.52。,《环境与健康展望》,第109期。6 (2001): 547-49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547。关于犹他州大盐湖的消失如何反映乌尔米亚湖的简短视频,请参阅2023年耶鲁大学E360电影比赛冠军电影《消失的绿洲》,由电影制片人Jaxon Derow制作,可在https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional网站上获得。他的研究兴趣包括问题识别、政策评估、棘手问题和水治理。Atefeh Parvaresh Rizi是德黑兰大学灌溉与开垦工程系的副教授。她的研究兴趣包括灌溉工程的管理、水利工程的社会课题和水工结构。Hojjat Mianabadi是Tarbiat Modares大学水工程与管理系的副教授。他的研究兴趣主要集中在水政治、水外交和水治理。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Evaluation of the Water Policies of the Urmia Lake Basin: Has the Government Accurately Identified the Problem?
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the respected Editor-in-Chief and the anonymous referees for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions.The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Editing assistance was provided by a past editorial team member.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 E. R. Alexander and A. Faludi, “Planning and Plan Implementation: Notes on Evaluation Criteria,” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 16, no. 2 (1989): 127–40, doi:10.1068/b160127.2 L. N. Gerston, Public Policy Making Process and Principles (New York: Armonk, 1997).3 D. Nachmais, Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1979).4 M. Scriven, Evaluation Thesaurus (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1991).5 S. Islam and L. E. 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Davies, “Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping and Argument Mapping: What Are the Differences and Do They Matter?,” Higher Education 62, no. 3 (2011): 279–301, doi:10.1007/s10734-010-9387-6.49 M. Zarghami and S. Akbariyeh, “System Dynamics Modeling for Complex Urban Water Systems: Application to the City of Tabriz, Iran,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 60 (2012): 99–106, doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.008.50 R. Q. Grafton et al., “The Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency,” Science 361, no. 6404 (2018): 748–50, doi:10.1126/science.aat9314.51 J. C. Camillus, “Strategy as a Wicked Problem,” Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (2008): 1–10.52 I. Small, J. van der Meer, and R. E. Upshur, “Acting on an Environmental Health Disaster: The Case of the Aral Sea.,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 6 (2001): 547–49, doi:10.1289/ehp.01109547.For a short video showing how the disappearance of the Great Salt Lake in Utah mirrors Urmia Lake, see the 2023 Yale E360 Film contest winner “Vanishing Oasis” by filmmaker Jaxon Derow available online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/2023-film-contest-first-place-great-salt-lakeAdditional informationNotes on contributorsSaeed EsmailzadehSaeed Esmailzadeh is a graduate in water resources engineering at the University of Tehran. His research interests include problem identification, policy evaluation, wicked problems, and water governance.Atefeh Parvaresh RiziAtefeh Parvaresh Rizi is an associate professor in the Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering Department at the University of Tehran. Her research interests include management of irrigation projects, social topics in water engineering, and hydraulic structures.Hojjat MianabadiHojjat Mianabadi is an associate professor in the Water Engineering and Management Department at the Tarbiat Modares University. His research interests revolve around hydropolitics, water diplomacy, and water governance.
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来源期刊
Environment
Environment 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
0.00%
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0
审稿时长
>36 weeks
期刊介绍: Now in its 60th year of publication, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development analyzes the problems, places, and people where environment and development come together, illuminating concerns from the local to the global. More readable than specialized journals and more timely than textbooks, Environment offers peer-reviewed articles and commentaries from researchers and practitioners who provide a broad range of international perspectives. This ISI-rated magazine also features in-depth reviews of major policy reports, conferences, and environmental education initiatives, as well as guides to the best Web sites, journal articles, and books.
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