Microbial composition and formation of biofilms in agricultural irrigation systems- a review

Microbial contamination of water, as well as the development of biofilm in irrigation systems, is one of the factors contributing to water losses, leading to a decrease in the optimization of the irrigation process and, consequently, a decrease in plant production. Water shortages are a highly undesirable phenomenon, particularly within the context of anthropogenic climate changes and the constraint of potable water resources. Biofilm can also be a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms for human health, animal welfare, and plant production. Contaminated water used to irrigate vegetables that do not require heat treatment can lead to pathogen propagation, causing disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to understand the dynamics of biofilm development and its underlying mechanisms, as well as its relation to water quality, to develop strategies that could help reduce or prevent biofilm formation and its negative effects. The analysis of factors promoting the development and composition of biofilm in irrigation systems allows the implementation of the most effective preventive methods, which translate into the optimization of the irrigation process and plant production. This paper aims to analyze reports related to the formation and microbial composition of biofilms occurring in agricultural irrigation systems, as well as to present the risks associated with biofilm formation and methods for its eradication. This review summarizes reports related to the various factors influencing biofilm formation and irrigation water quality, which may be a prelude to a comprehensive assessment and formulation of guidelines related to the management of water-based irrigation systems to improve biosafety.