The Effect of Gross Domestic Product, Number Of Registered Vehicles and Oil Price On Carbon Emissions: The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis For Türkiye

This study examined the relationship between carbon emissions and gross domestic product, the total number of vehicles registered in traffic, and the price of oil with the 1970-2020 annual data. In addition, the validity of the environmental Kuznet curve for Türkiye is tested. For this, first of all, the stationarity of the variables is tested with traditional (ADF and KPSS) and Fourier (Fourier ADF and Fourier KPSS) unit root tests. As a result of the tests, it is concluded that all the variables are stationary in the first differences, and the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables is then tested with the SHIN and Fourier SHIN cointegration tests. The existence of a long-term relationship between the variables is determined, and long-term coefficients are obtained with cointegration regression cointegration estimators (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR). According to the model results, while the number of vehicles in traffic affects carbon emissions positively, oil prices have a negative effect. Also, according to the model, it is concluded that the environmental Kuznet curve is valid for Türkiye.