Miana (Coleus scutellariodes) Inhibits Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-kB) Activity and its Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Benefits in Infectious Diseases: Review Article

Background: Miana, also known as Coleus scutellariodes, is a supplement agent frequently used to treat infectious disorders. Its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory mechanisms are not well understood. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), which acts as a major regulator in these infectious processes, strongly induces proinflammatory cytokines via I-kB through its connection with the NF-kB receptor, which affects cytokine production, and angiogenesis via the role of VEGF and HIF-1. VEGF is an angiogenic factor that can trigger cellular responses on the surface of endothelial cells via the NF-kB pathway. HIF-1 has a critical role in the cellular response to systemic oxygen levels of cells. This article's objective is to provide a thorough analysis of molecular mechanisms of NF-kB in relation to infectious diseases treated by Miana. Methods: To obtain the data for this study, relevant reference lists were manually searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases using the keywords "Miana", "Coleus scutellariodes", "NF-kB", "antibacterial", "anti-inflammation" and "Infectious diseases." as significant reference lists. This review article included and narratively covered each appropriate article from the database above. Results: It was found in several articles that NF-kB and molecular mechanisms of Miana in infectious diseases are strongly related, and that these mechanisms may be used to cure and prevent infectious diseases. The molecular mechanism of Miana containing the active component of flavonoids is broad and complex, in which the induced NF-kB has two main pathways, namely canonical and non-canonical initially from the upstream and downstream of NF-kB activities and there is intricate crosstalk of NF-kB. Conclusions: Miana treats infectious diseases through NF-kB, which functions mainly through a variety of mechanisms. Miana's treatment of infectious diseases with NF-kB leads to the conclusion that NF-kB is a stimulator of several proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, Miana can reduce HIF-1 expression, and HIF-1 is also in function of upregulating some angiogenic factors in infectious diseases, therefore Miana may suppress NF-kB activities both in vitro and in vivo. Miana contains an active component of flavonoid, which has broad capabilities in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes, thus research is urgently needed that links from upstream to downstream of its molecular mechanisms. Besides that, a more detailed study is needed on the intricate crosstalk in the inflammatory process due to microorganism infection through NF-kB activity in Miana interventions containing flavonoid active substances.