Hydro-geochemical characterisation and modelling of groundwater in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna state, Nigeria

Abstract This study assessed groundwater quality in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State and how it can be harnessed as a useful resource for water supply and to improve the management of water resources. The field survey methods adopted with the collection of water samples in the field were employed in collecting data. The study randomly collected fifty water samples from wells and boreholes in the peak of wet and dry seasons for 2 years (2021–2022) in the five selected wards within the Chikun Local Government Area and a range of water quality parameters were measured and compared with WHO standards for drinking water. The laboratory analysis results revealed that with the exception of magnesium, mercury, iron, lead and calcium, all other physicochemical parameters measured fell within the maximum permissible limit. The presence of some of these pollutants at varying degrees was found. Groundwater models showed groundwater flow in the North-Western direction and significant vertical movement of contaminants up to depths of about 60 m. This calls for regulations on the handling of wastes and pollutants that affect groundwater, which is best done through strict enforcement of laws and advocacy through all the appropriate institutions involved in water management.