A 1100-year multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Lake Höglwörth, Bavaria, Germany

Abstract. Anthropogenic activities have exerted strong influence on ecosystems worldwide, particularly since 1950 CE. The local impact of past human activities often started much earlier and deserves detailed study. Here, we present an environmental record from a 278 cm long sedimentary core from Lake Höglwörth (Bavaria, Germany). Sedimentological and geochemical parameters indicate that the organic-rich bottom sediments of the record consist of peat that formed prior to 870-160+140 CE, when lake sediments started to accumulate. After 870-160+140 CE, distinct shifts in lithology, elemental composition, and the biological record are visible and are interpreted to result from the construction of a monastery on the lake peninsula in 1125 CE and/or the damming of the lake. From 1120±120 to 1240-120+110 CE, the lake environment was relatively stable. This period was followed by enhanced deforestation that led to a more open landscape and soil erosion, visible in increased allochthonous input from 1240-120+110 to 1380-110+90 CE. This was accompanied by high aquatic productivity and bottom or interstitial water anoxia from 1310-120+100 to 1470-100+90 CE, possibly triggered by increased nutrient availability. Enhanced allochthonous input and a substantial shift in the aquatic community can be assigned to the construction of a flour mill and related rerouting of a small creek in 1701 CE. High aquatic productivity and bottom or interstitial water anoxia after 1960±10 CE correspond to recent eutrophication resulting from accelerated local anthropogenic activities. The sedimentary record from Lake Höglwörth exemplarily demonstrates that anthropogenic activities have had substantial environmental impacts on aquatic environments during the past millennium.