Low-cost fixed sensor deployments for leak detection in North American upstream oil and gas: Operational analysis and discussion of a prototypical program

Low-cost fixed sensors are an emerging option to aid in the management and reduction of methane emissions at upstream oil and gas sites. They have been touted as a cost-effective continuous monitoring technology to detect, localize, and quantify fugitive emissions. However, to support emissions management, the efficacy of low-cost fixed sensors must be assessed in the context of the sites, technologies, methods, work practices, action thresholds, and outcomes that constitute a broader program to manage and reduce emissions. Here, we build on technology-focused research and testing by defining a prototypical low-cost fixed sensor program framework and considering the deployment from an operational perspective. We outline potentially large operational cost penalties and risks to industry relative to incumbent programs. Most costs are caused by (i) follow-up callouts, (ii) nontarget emissions, and (iii) maintenance requirements. These represent core areas for improvement. Results highlight a need for careful consideration in regulations, ensuring that alerts protocols are carefully codified and system performance is maintained.