Driving-task-related human-machine interaction in automated driving: towards a bigger picture

The role and respective tasks of human drivers are changing due to the introduction of automation in driving. Full automation, where the driver is only a passenger, is still far-off. Consequently, both academia and industry investigate how the interaction between automated vehicles and their drivers could look like and how responsibilities could be allocated. Different approaches have been proposed to allow to deal with shortcomings of automated vehicles: control shifts (handovers and takeovers), shared control, and cooperation. While there are models and frameworks for individual areas, a big picture is still missing in literature. We propose a first overview that aims to bring the three areas in relation based on the particular differences (presence of mode changes, duration of interaction, and level of interaction).