木霉:用于农业病害防治的真菌拮抗剂

L. Rawat, Y. Singh, N. Shukla, J. Kumar
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引用次数: 0

摘要

生物防治或生物防治可以定义为使用天然生物体或转基因基因或基因产品,以减少不良生物体的影响,以有利于对人类有用的生物体,如作物,树木,动物和有益微生物。这种控制战略在生态上是清洁的,并与不同的农业模式:有机、生物和病虫害/病原体综合管理(IPM)方案兼容。在农业疾病防治中使用的主要拮抗剂是真菌木霉,这是一种低成本的生物防治剂,可以在不同的病理系统中建立它,对土壤平衡有适度的影响,并且不会伤害有助于控制病原体的有益生物。这种生物防治剂对人类、野生动物和其他有益生物无有害影响。木霉在自然环境和受控环境中都是安全有效的生物防治剂,不会在食物链中积累,也没有对其产生耐药性的描述。作为生物防治剂的木霉菌株可以定殖在土壤和/或植物的部分,占据物理空间,避免病原体的繁殖,或产生针对病原体的细胞壁降解酶,或产生可杀死病原体的抗生素,或促进植物发育和诱导植物的防御机制。与化学杀菌剂一样,基于木霉菌株和蛋白质的抗真菌制剂在商业化之前需要一个昂贵而合理的注册过程。因此,这些生物产品中有许多是作为没有严格管制的肥料和其他商业产品提供给农民的,因此,它们不能提供足够的质量保证和卫生控制。这种欺诈行为必须被起诉,因为大多数这些错误注册的配方没有在标签上注明接种木霉,保质期或其他属性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Trichoderma: Fungal Antagonist Used to Control Diseases in Agriculture
Biocontrol or Biological Control can be defined as the use of natural organisms or genetically modified genes or gene products, to reduce the effects of undesirable organisms to favour organisms useful to human, such as crops, trees, animals and beneficial microorganisms. This strategy of control is ecologically clean and compatible with different models of agriculture: organic, biological and integrated pest/pathogen management (IPM) programmes. The main antagonist used in disease control in agriculture is the fungus Trichoderma, a low cost biocontrol agent that can establish it in different pathosystems, has moderate effects on soil balance and does not harm beneficial organism that contribute towards pathogen's control. This biocontrol agent has no harmful effects on humans, wildlife and other beneficial organisms. Trichoderma spp. is safe and effective biocontrol agents in both natural and controlled environments that does not accumulate in the food chain and to which resistance has not been described. Trichoderma strains used as biocontrol agents can act by colonising the soil and/or parts of the plant, occupying a physical space and avoiding the multiplication of the pathogens or producing cell wall degrading enzymes against the pathogens or producing antibiotics that can kill the pathogens or promoting the plant development and inducing the defensive mechanisms of the plant. Antifungal formulations based on Trichoderma strains and proteins require, as in the case of chemical fungicides, a costly and sound registration process previous to their commercialisation. For this reason, many of these biological products are being offered to the farmers under the category of fertilisers and other commercial products that are not tightly regulated, and, hence, they do not offer sufficient guarantee of quality and sanitary control. This fraud must be prosecuted since most of these wrongly registered formulations have not got a Trichoderma inoculums ’, shelf life or other properties stated on their label.
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