POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT OF A COLONIAL CITY AND ACTIVITIES OF INTELLIGENCE DURING 19 th–20 thcenturies

The article attempts to analyze the processes associated with the formation of a political space in a colonial city, where the subjects were representatives of the national intelligentsia, and the emerging media and public spaces were the instruments. The author of the article understands political environment as the sphere that developed in a colonial city at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, formed because of the vigorous activity of urban intellectuals, through the creation of printed publications, participation in the work of representative bodies, etc. Political environment, on the one hand, is the result of the activities of the intellectual stratum, and it subsequently contributed both the manifestation of civic activity and forms the skills of political activity among the intelligentsia and the townspeople. As for the interdependence of politics and culture, it was very important to note that representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia were convinced that education and the development of culture were of paramount importance. The article uses data from the regional archives of the cities of Kostanay and led to the formation of conditions for the activity of a citizen not only in the economic, but also in the political aspects of Akmolinsk (now Nur-Sultan). One of the methods of this study was the historical-genetic method, which allowed to consider the problematic in its development and identify patterns. The use of the historical-comparative method revealed differences in the development of Kazakhstani historiography.