Gamifying Human Behavior in Urban Crowdsourcing for a Sustainable Smart City

One of the most important topics in future crowdsourcing is how to influence and coordinate collective people to perform micro-tasks towards their common goal achieved through crowdsourcing activities. For achieving the goal, crowdsourcing needs to take into account coordinating collective people not only encouraging individual people. This paper presents the Game as Rhetoric model that is a framework for designing digital rhetoric, which is embedded in the real world and influences participants' behavior. We then present Collective Action Crowdsourcing and its IoT-based prototype system as an example using the Game as Rhetoric model.