{"title":"翻译的介绍","authors":"J. Nickum","doi":"10.2753/CES1097-147510043","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"In China before 1949, the management of surface flows of water for irrigation was commonly carried out by local hierarchical professional associations. These associations were one of the few aspects of economic life where families, lineages, and villages cooperated, especially in the mobilization of labor to maintain and repair works. It was also one of the few instances of professional, task-oriented management independent of direct village administration.","PeriodicalId":431324,"journal":{"name":"Hobbes and Modern Political Thought","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1977-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION\",\"authors\":\"J. Nickum\",\"doi\":\"10.2753/CES1097-147510043\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"In China before 1949, the management of surface flows of water for irrigation was commonly carried out by local hierarchical professional associations. These associations were one of the few aspects of economic life where families, lineages, and villages cooperated, especially in the mobilization of labor to maintain and repair works. It was also one of the few instances of professional, task-oriented management independent of direct village administration.\",\"PeriodicalId\":431324,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Hobbes and Modern Political Thought\",\"volume\":\"5 1\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"1977-07-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"1\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Hobbes and Modern Political Thought\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147510043\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Hobbes and Modern Political Thought","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-147510043","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
In China before 1949, the management of surface flows of water for irrigation was commonly carried out by local hierarchical professional associations. These associations were one of the few aspects of economic life where families, lineages, and villages cooperated, especially in the mobilization of labor to maintain and repair works. It was also one of the few instances of professional, task-oriented management independent of direct village administration.
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