Modification of Homotopy Perturbation Algorithm Through Least Square Optimizer for Higher Order Integro-Differential Equations

In this manuscript, modification of homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is proposed for integro-differential equations by coupling the least square method (LSM) with HPM. Improved accuracy in a very few iterations is the general advantage of this technique. The proposed method is applied to different higher order integro-differential equations of linear and nonlinear nature, and results are compared with exact as well as available solutions from the literature. Numerical and graphical analysis reveal that the proposed algorithm is reliable for integro-differential equations and hence can be utilized for more complex problems.