使用数字技术帮助识别有脑部视觉问题的儿童

Nicola McDowell
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在经济发达国家,脑性或脑性视觉障碍(CVI)是影响儿童视力障碍的最常见原因,主流教育中儿童的患病率为3.4% (Williams et al., 2021)。然而,由于难以识别通常与CVI相关的视觉问题,这些儿童中有许多未被识别或误诊。CVI最近被定义为一种可验证的视觉功能障碍,不能归因于任何潜在的共同发生的眼损伤的前视通路障碍(Sakki等人,2018)。CVI不仅影响视敏度、视野、对比敏感度等基本视觉功能,还影响高级视觉功能或视觉感知能力。目前,有基本视觉功能问题的儿童更常被认定为患有CVI。然而,由于视力正常或接近正常,患有高级视觉功能问题的儿童往往没有得到诊断(Chandna et al., 2021)。这突出表明需要一种新颖而简单的方法来筛查儿童的高级视觉功能问题。作为她博士研究的一部分,作者为此目的开发了奥斯汀评估。在最初的研究取得成功后,Austin Assessment被制作成ipad应用程序。Austin Assessment是一种简单的活动,即在5个关卡中匹配纸牌,每个关卡都会增加纸牌和纸牌对的数量。随着卡片数量的增加,App上卡片上的形状被开发为内在拥挤和视觉拥挤。这使得应用程序可以测量高级视觉功能问题的关键特征,包括:使用快速眼球运动的随机搜索模式,增加搜索时间(特别是随着复杂性的增加)以及当对象数量增加时性能下降(Bennett等人,2018;Zihl & Dutton, 2015)。奥斯汀评估应用程序已经开发了最新的iPad TrueDepth相机,因为这允许孩子的眼睛被跟踪,因为他们已经完成了评估和提供实时数据在结果部分眼球运动的应用。该应用还时间采取措施和对,匹配的精度较高的最初的研究表明,儿童视觉功能问题,只要孩子们花了两倍的时间不匹配对视觉问题,同时,它们不太准确。在帮助识别患有CVI的儿童方面,该应用程序有可能被用作筛选工具,以识别任何需要进一步评估的儿童。目前正在进行研究,以验证奥斯汀评估,并建立一个按年龄组划分的标准范围数据库。虽然是作为评估开发的,但奥斯汀评估也可以作为提高视觉能力的培训工具,在未来的版本中,应用程序将包含不同的主题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Using digital technology to help identify children with brain based visual issues
Brain based, or cerebral visual impairments (CVI) are the most common cause of vision impairment affecting children in the economically developed world, with a prevalence rate of 3.4% of children in mainstream education (Williams et al., 2021). However, many of these children are going unrecognized or misdiagnosed due to the challenges of identifying the visual issues commonly associated with CVI. CVI has recently been defined as a verifiable visual dysfunction which cannot be attributed to disorders of the anterior visual pathways of any potentially co-occurring ocular impairment (Sakki et al., 2018). CVI can affect the basic visual functions, such as visual acuity, visual fields and contrast sensitivity and also, the higher visual functions or visual perceptual abilities. Currently, children with issues with their basic visual functions are more often being identified as having CVI. Whereas, children with issues with their higher visual functions are often going undiagnosed, due to having normal or near normal visual acuity (Chandna et al., 2021). This has highlighted the need for a novel, yet simple way to screen for higher visual function issues in children. As part of her doctoral research, the author developed the Austin Assessment for this purpose. Following the success of the initial research, which used playing cards in real time, the Austin Assessment was made into an App for iPads. The Austin Assessment is a simple activity of matching cards over five levels, with each level increasing the number of cards and pairs. The shapes on the cards on the App have been developed to for intrinsic crowding and visual crowding as the numbers of cards is increased. This allows the App to measure the key features of higher visual function issues, including: random search pattern using darting eye movements, increased search times (especially as the complexity increases) and decreases in performance when the numbers of objects increases (Bennett et al., 2018; Zihl & Dutton, 2015). The Austin Assessment App has been developed for the latest iPad with the TrueDepth camera, as this allows the child’s eyes to be tracked as they are completing the assessment and provides real time data on eye movement in the results section of the App. The App also measures time taken and accuracy in matching the pairs, as the initial research showed that children with higher visual function issues took twice as long as children without visual issues to match the pairs and also, that they were less accurate. In terms of helping to identify children with CVI, the App has the potential to be used as a screening tool to identify any children that warrant further assessment. Research is currently being undertaken to validate the Austin Assessment and also, to create a database of normative ranges by age group. Although developed as an assessment, the Austin Assessment can also be used as a training tool to improve visual abilities and different themes will be included in the App in future versions. 
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