ZoneTier

Integrating solid-state drives (SSDs) and host-aware shingled magnetic recording (HA-SMR) drives can potentially build a cost-effective high-performance storage system. However, existing SSD tiering and caching designs in such a hybrid system are not fully matched with the intrinsic properties of HA-SMR drives due to their lacking consideration of how to handle non-sequential writes (NSWs). We propose ZoneTier, a zone-based storage tiering and caching co-design, to effectively control all the NSWs by leveraging the host-aware property of HA-SMR drives. ZoneTier exploits real-time data layout of SMR zones to optimize zone placement, reshapes NSWs generated from zone demotions to SMR preferred sequential writes, and transforms the inevitable NSWs to cleaning-friendly write traffics for SMR zones. ZoneTier can be easily extended to match host-managed SMR drives using proactive cleaning policy. We implemented a prototype of ZoneTier with user space data management algorithms and real SSD and HA-SMR drives, which are manipulated by the functions provided by libzbc and libaio. Our experiments show that ZoneTier can reduce zone relocation overhead by 29.41% on average, shorten performance recovery time of HA-SMR drives from cleaning by up to 33.37%, and improve performance by up to 32.31% than existing hybrid storage designs.