3D virtual clipping: A personalized planning and rehearsal tool for off-clamp partial nephrectomy

Kidney cancer treatments result in a loss of nephron mass. Nephron sparing surgery can reduce such loss through application of on- and off-clamp techniques. The on-clamp technique is widely used but resulting warm ischemia has a negative impact on long-term patient outcomes. The alternative off-clamp technique mitigates negative effects on renal function but is often considered a technique for expert hands in select cases only.