一个命题是否有意义取决于另一个命题的真实性?(Tractatus 2.0211 2)

R. M. White
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引用次数: 3

摘要

维特根斯坦的《哲学论》包含了对逻辑和语言本质的广泛而深刻的见解——这些见解将在《哲学论》的特定理论中幸存下来,在我看来,它们似乎是我们理解一些最深刻的哲学问题的决定性和无懈可击的里程碑。然而,除了这些见解之外,还有一种关于语言和现实之间关系本质的理论,这种理论似乎不可能以一种完全令人满意的方式详细地研究出来,而且是奇怪的,令人难以置信的。我指的是《论》中所谓的逻辑原子论。这个理论的主要轮廓至少是清楚而熟悉的:有一些基本命题,它们的意义来自于作为事物可能状态的模型;这样的命题是简单对象名称的构形,表示这些简单对象是类似的构形;每一个命题都有它的意义,因为它可以作为基本命题的真函数复合来分析,因此它的意义是从基本命题的意义推导出来的,当这个观点与命题的意义完全是通过规定其真条件来规定的这一观点结合起来考虑时。这样,《哲学论》就把莱布尼茨或斯宾诺莎的古典哲学体系并入它的论述中去了。许多人把莱布尼茨或斯宾诺莎的古典哲学体系看作是史前的哲学怪物,从某种意义上说,这是正确的,不应该把它们当作有生命的有机体来研究,而应该把它们当作人类思想的奇珍异宝来研究。在这里,我们可以同意,我们最终必须拒绝这样一种哲学,它包含了这样一些特征,如简单永恒对象的假设,或对一个命题的分析的可能性,这个命题是作为我们通常所说的有意义的命题的先决条件而提出的,但我们却不知道它的具体形式,等等。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Can whether one proposition makes sense depend on the truth of another? (Tractatus 2.0211—2)
Wittgenstein's Tractatus contains a wide range of profound insights into the nature of logic and language – insights which will survive the particular theories of the Tractatus and seem to me to mark definitive and unassailable landmarks in our understanding of some of the deepest questions of philosophy. And yet alongside these insights there is a theory of the nature of the relation between language and reality which appears both to be impossible to work out in detail in a way which is completely satisfactory, and to be bizarre and incredible. I am referring to the so-called logical atomism of the Tractatus. The main outlines of this theory at least are clear and familiar: there are elementary propositions which gain their sense from being models of possible states of affairs; such propositions are configurations of names of simple objects, signifying that those simples are analogously configured; every proposition has its sense through being analysable as a truth-functional compound of elementary propositions, thus deriving its sense from the sense of the elementary propositions when this view is taken in conjunction with the idea that the sense of a proposition is completely specified by specifying its truth-conditions. In this way the Tractatus incorporates in its working out a philosophical system analogous to the classical philosophical systems of Leibniz or Spinoza which are regarded by many people, in a sense rightly, as the prehistoric monsters of philosophy which are not to be studied as living organisms, but studied as the curiosities of human thought. And we may here agree that in the end we must simply reject a philosophy which incorporates such features as its postulation of simple eternal objects, or of a possibility of an analysis of a proposition which was presented as a pre-condition for the propositions that we ordinarily utter to make sense, and yet the specific form of which we are unaware of, and so on.
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