Cyber Security and National Strategy for Hybrid Threats: Global Internet Governance Perspective

The international community is pursuing digital transformation with the development of computers and the Internet, therefore governments, companies, and families are being digitalized. In particular, the development of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud, Internet of Things, and mobile phones, which are technologies of the 4th industrial revolution, exposes vulnerabilities in cyber attacks, raising the need for cyber security. The international community is subject to cyber attacks as Internet use has soared with the accelerated remote work due to the pandemic and the transition of government agencies and companies to the computing cloud. Cyber attacks are going beyond cyber crime and reaching the level of cyber terrorism and cyber warfare. In Korea, the internal networks of banks and newspapers were briefly paralyzed by the DDoS attack in 2011 and the APT attack in 2012. Especially web pages of major government agencies were tampered with due to cyber attacks on June 25, 2013. This was the level of cyber terrorism at which cyber attacks were aimed at national confusion. In particular, Russia conducted cyber attacks on Georgia in 2008, annexation of Crimea in 2014, and ongoing military invasion of Ukraine. As such, recent international disputes take on the aspect of hybrid warfare that combines cyber attacks, public opinion, and psychological warfare in armed warfare. Therefore, the national strategy for responding to cyber threats requires global Internet governance that encompasses not only domestic government agencies and military organizations, but also companies, research institutes, NGOs and individuals.