强奸作为一种战争武器

O. Shved, Nataliya Myroshnichenko
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引用次数: 10

摘要

战争是一种非同寻常、可耻和血腥的现象。在世界不同国家的战争中,人们面临着来自敌人的性暴力。不幸的是,这种情况目前在乌克兰存在。在俄罗斯于2022年2月24日发动的战争中,平民被枪杀,成千上万的公共基础设施(学校、医院、幼儿园、社会保障服务、购物中心、教堂等)、高层建筑和私人建筑被摧毁。除了火器,俄军侵略者还使用强奸作为武器。为什么性暴力是一种武器,有几种解释,这篇文章将给出它们。侵略者在战争期间实施的强奸和暴力行为往往是为了恐吓民众,摧毁家庭,羞辱留守的妇女和儿童的士兵,而且,正如乌克兰战争所显示的那样,虐待和羞辱甚至是老年男女,摧毁家庭和社区。在一些国家,甚至有人认为强奸会改变下一代的种族构成。与强奸和其他类型的性暴力有关的犯罪通常是潜在的。受害者不想谈论这件事,不想作证的原因有很多:再次受到创伤,被污名化,还有公众的关注。但俄罗斯在乌克兰犯下战争罪行的证据是由海牙的国际刑事法院(International Criminal Court)收集的,因此此类罪行必须登记在案。受害者必须有很强的作证动机。在一些国家,已经有可能因造成损害而获得赔偿。这是一种工具,一方面可以刺激证词,登记性犯罪,另一方面可以获得物质补偿,提高生活水平。社会工作者必须与其他专家一起倡导为乌克兰的受害者获得赔偿的可能性。这篇文章回答了为什么记录暴力和强奸的事实很重要,以及世界上存在哪些援助受害者的机制。这篇文章强调了专家,即社会工作者、心理学家和律师,在向受害者提供援助方面工作的重要性。本文以战争期间性暴力情境下社会工作者的工作为重点,指出社会工作者除了努力改善对受害者的援助外,还应学习乌克兰战争情境下的经验以及其他国家的经验。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR
War is an extraordinary, shameful and bloody phenomenon. During the wars that were fought in different countries of the world, people faced sexual violence from their enemy. Unfortunately, this situation currently exists in Ukraine. During the war launched by Russia on February 24, 2022, civilians are killed by firearms, and thousands of public infrastructure facilities (schools, hospitals, kindergartens, social security services, shopping centers, churches, etc.), high-rise and private buildings are destroyed.In addition to firearms, Russian troops-aggressor also use rape as weapon. There are several explanations why sexual violence is a weapon, and they are presented in this article. Rape and violence perpetrated by aggressors during war are often aimed at terrorizing the population, destroying families, humiliating soldiers whose women and children are left behind, and, as the war in Ukraine has shown, abuse and humiliate even elderly men and women, destroy families and communities. In some countries, there were even ideas that rape will change the ethnic composition of the next generation. Crimes related to rape and other types of sexual violence are usually latent. Victims do not want to talk about it, do not want to testify for many reasons: re-traumatization, stigmatization, and publicity. But evidence of Russian war crimes in Ukraine is collected by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, so such crimes must be registered. Victims must have a very strong motivation to testify. In some countries, it is already possible to receive compensation for causing damage. This is a tool that, on the one hand, can stimulate testimony, registration of a sexual crime, and on the other hand, to receive material compensation that will improve the standard of living. Social workers, together with other specialists, must advocate for the possibility of receiving reparations for victims in Ukraine.The article contains an answer to why it is important to document the facts of violence and rape, and which mechanisms of assistance exist in the world for victims. The article highlights importance of the work of specialists, namely social workers, psychologists and lawyers, in providing assistance to victims.This article focuses on the work of social workers in the situation of sexual violence during the war, and points out that, in addition to working on improving the provision of assistance to victims, social workers should learn the experience gained in the war situation in Ukraine and the experience of other countries.
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